During the sixties a wave of renewals surged through western civilisation, including the Catholic churches and convents. Almost everything changed in the life of religious: their work, their way of life, their appearance and their contacts with each other, and with others. Many left their congregation; others developed a new way of being religious within religious life. This book describes this process of change among the 'Sisters of Charity of Our Lady Mother of Mercy', a congregation with s...

Leiden University was founded as an institution that would embody a particular set of academic ethics that sought to improve society through the acquisition of knowledge. In this book, author Willem Otterspeer draws on the idea of Leiden as 'a “bastion of liberty”' and proposes that concepts such as 'equilibrium' and 'scale' are key to understanding the university as an institution, ultimately showing how universities are a form of social capital, one of Western society’s answers to the...

The Kommandostab Reichsfuhrer-SS, the Hohere SS and the Polizeifuhrer in occupied Russia, the infamous Einsatzgruppen in cooperation with Sicherungsdivisionen and rückwärtiges Heeresgebietskommando and its commanders, all of them are discussed in this book. Different services were in command in occupied Russia. With and against each other. Additionally this book discusses the colossal losses at the Eastern front and the German arms, with, for instance, the Czech arms industry's share. Final...

The many preserved collections of student notes from the early modern period – ranging from neatly maintained notebooks to barely legible scribbles crammed between lines of printed text – hold considerable but largely untapped potential as an historical source. At the same time, the analysis of these notes poses significant challenges for scholars. This book aims to be a concise and accessible companion for scholars interested in engaging with this young and burgeoning research field. Wri...

Old war debts never die, they just fade away.......

In 2015, Britain finally paid off a large war loan issued in 1917 to finance the First World War. In 2010, Germany made the last payments on some 80-year-old debts originally used to finance part of its reparations bill imposed by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

These were exceptions. The vast majority of the debts made during the Great War have never been paid back, including billion dollar loans from the US to western allies. These debt...

Andris Kursietis has been a researcher of military history for over forty years, using resources that span the globe. This latest book, "The Last Tsar's Warriors" represents his largest project to date. The book provides information about the military careers of over 6,400 Imperial Russian generals and admirals that served the last Tsar, Nikolai II, during his reign 1894 - 1917, and also lists the order of battle of the Russian armed forces during those years. Included in Volume II of this bo...

In April 1988, the Vatican authorities provided a small sample of the Turin Shroud for carbon-14 dating of the alleged burial cloth of Jesus Christ. In October of the same year, coordinator Michael S. Tite presented the conclusion of the university labs of Oxford, Zurich and Tucson (Arizona) to the entire world press: the miraculous imprint of Jesus’ resurrected body on the shroud dated to 1260-1390 CE…

Even if we accept that the Turin Shroud indeed is a cloth from the 13th or 14th centur...