Einstein famously quoted: “…We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them….”. Einstein recognized that the thinking or mindset that led to the creation of a problem may not be sufficient to find a solution. If we continue to approach problems with the same mindset, we are likely to get stuck in a loop of repeating the same actions and expecting different results, which Einstein famously referred to as "insanity." This quote emphasizes the need for in...

The function of cognitive communication is to enable people and machines to acquire knowledge. The gain in knowledge lies in the information gained from the signals received. Machine languages and natural languages spoken by people differ in that the signals of machine languages have sharply defined meanings, while the meanings of signals of natural languages are highly fuzzy.

Werner Rupprecht explains how vague meanings arise in the brains of human beings, and that, paradoxically, owing to s...