Cancer specialist Professor Bob Pinedo will never forget the faces of all those patients deemed beyond help. In the 1970s, the presence of metastases meant that a patient’s condition was considered incurable. Nor was there any effective pain management. The cries of cancer patients would sometimes echo down the bleak hospital corridors. ‘In those early days’ – the ‘Stone Age’ of cancer treatment – ‘we couldn’t offer patients much. There was almost no way of treating cancer.’

But now, fifty years on... Countless cancer treatments are available and patients no longer have to live their lives in pain. Mini-organs and tumors are cultivated in laboratories from the cells of individual patients to establish which drugs will be most effective in combating their cancer. Moreover, a cancer diagnosis is no longer a death sentence. An increasingly high proportion of patients surviv...